Raw Score Calculator

Answer: 168

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Solution:

The raw score formula is simply the z-score formula solved for x, the raw score. Depending on what your distribution represents, start by either writing the formula for the raw score of a population: $$ x = \mu + z{\sigma} $$

or the formula for the z-score of a sample: $$ x = \bar{x} + zs $$

Substitute in values for this problem (z-score, mean, and standard deviation) into the formula: $$ x = 180 + (-1)(12) $$

$$ x = 168$$